{"id":1192,"date":"2023-12-30T06:08:30","date_gmt":"2023-12-30T06:08:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/allugah.com\/?p=1192"},"modified":"2024-02-08T03:45:20","modified_gmt":"2024-02-08T03:45:20","slug":"%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%b1%d9%82%d9%85-15","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/allugah.com\/?p=1192","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627: \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644."},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-5-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color has-text-color has-background\"><strong>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f 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\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><strong>Teaching Arabic language in Senegal in light of the principles of teaching the Arabic language to non-native speakers ; Problems and solutions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">Mohamed Al-Amin Diop<strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">Abstract:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">&nbsp;This research seeks to explain the state of teaching the Arabic language in West Africa in general and Senegal in particular. The importance of this scientific study is that it attempts to demystify the relationship between a semi-marginalized environment with the current Arab context, and Arab researchers hardly know anything about it, which indisputably, has made the results of the studies insignificant in that context. We have dealt with the topic in a concise and compendious without excessive redundancy or irrelevant repetition. We also started by adding a very important historical touch, which makes the recipient discover through the geographical data of Senegal, as well as the historical, political, cultural, and religious context in the first chapter. In the second chapter, we focused on listing the most important Arabic language teaching centers in Senegal, their educational strategies, linguistic curriculum, and pedagogical skills. We mentioned the most important problems that Arabic education in Senegal currently suffers from, knowing that they are divided between internal and external problems, political, educational, and economic problems. Finally, we attempt to implement the modern language teaching curricula with their various methods and trends, to discover from them accurate scientific solutions and proposals that will help in advancing this education, between general solutions and solutions related to the recognized curricula in teaching the Arabic language to non-native speakers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">Keywords: Teaching Arabic language, Senegal, modern curricula, proposals, solutions&nbsp;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 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\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c 29\/2-3\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1988\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 14.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 1989\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0622\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c1978.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0643\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 24\u060c 2000.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062f. \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0646: \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1984 \u0645.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062f\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a: \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u06373 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 1979\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\" id=\"_edn1\">[i]<\/a>&nbsp; \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: <a>\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c <\/a>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f12\u060c \u0637 1\u060c \u0645\u0637 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 _ \u0642\u0637\u0631_ \u0635: 24_25.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref2\" id=\"_edn2\"><\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref3\" id=\"_edn3\">[iii]<\/a> &nbsp;<a>\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 1989\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063514.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref4\" id=\"_edn4\">[iv]<\/a> &nbsp;\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 1989\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u063514.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref5\" id=\"_edn5\">[v]<\/a> \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref6\" id=\"_edn6\">[vi]<\/a>&nbsp; \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: <a>\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u06371 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u060c 2006 \u060c <\/a>\u0635 1_2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref7\" id=\"_edn7\">[vii]<\/a> \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646&#8221; \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0635\u0635\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref8\" id=\"_edn8\">[viii]<\/a><a> &nbsp;<\/a><a>\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: 1987_1407\u060c<\/a>\u062c9\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a11\u060c\u0635618<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref9\" id=\"_edn9\">[ix]<\/a> <a><\/a><a>\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0632\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u06371\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641_ \u0645\u0635\u0631_ 1995 <\/a>\u0635 512<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref10\" id=\"_edn10\">[x]<\/a> \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref11\" id=\"_edn11\">[xi]<\/a> \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u063534<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref12\" id=\"_edn12\"><\/a>&nbsp;[xii]&nbsp; \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: <a>CLARKE P WEST AFRICA AND ISLAM&nbsp; P 33 LONDON 1982<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref13\" id=\"_edn13\">[xiii]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0635 34<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref14\" id=\"_edn14\">[xiv]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u063534<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref15\" id=\"_edn15\">[xv]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u063534<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref16\" id=\"_edn16\">[xvi]<\/a><a> <\/a>\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631:\u062f. \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0646: \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 1984 \u0645 \u063599.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref17\" id=\"_edn17\">[xvii]<\/a> <a><\/a><a>\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062f\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a: \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u06373 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 1979\u0645<\/a> \u0635: 45.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref18\" id=\"_edn18\">[xviii]<\/a> \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u063528<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref19\" id=\"_edn19\">[xix]<\/a> &nbsp;\u0633\u0650\u062c\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0635\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref20\" id=\"_edn20\">[xx]<\/a> <a>Dr Amar samb. I\u2019Islam El I\u2019 Histoire du Senegal Bulletin D I.F.A.N . <\/a>T. XXXX.111 No 31<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref21\" id=\"_edn21\">[xxi]<\/a><a> <\/a>J.s. Trimingham. Islam in west Africa Oxfordm,1962<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref22\" id=\"_edn22\">[xxii]<\/a> Dr. Amar Samb. Op. cit<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref23\" id=\"_edn23\">[xxiii]<\/a> &nbsp;\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: <a><\/a><a>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c&nbsp; \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0622\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c1978<\/a>\u060c\u0635 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref24\" id=\"_edn24\">[xxiv]<\/a> <a>Dr. Momdou Nadiaye. I\u2019Enseignement Arabo<\/a>_Islamique au Senegal,P.10<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref25\" id=\"_edn25\">[xxv]<\/a> \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0635 144.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref26\" id=\"_edn26\">[xxvi]<\/a> \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: <a><\/a><a>\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0643\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u062f\u062f 24\u060c 2000<\/a>\u060c \u0635122<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref27\" id=\"_edn27\">[xxvii]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref28\" id=\"_edn28\">[xxviii]<\/a>&nbsp; &nbsp;\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u064a (\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0628). \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 Mback\u00e9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref29\" id=\"_edn29\">[xxix]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635122.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref30\" id=\"_edn30\">[xxx]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0635123.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref31\" id=\"_edn31\">[xxxi]<\/a> \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635123.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref32\" id=\"_edn32\">[xxxii]<\/a> \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635123.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref33\" id=\"_edn33\">[xxxiii]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u060c \u0635123.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref34\" id=\"_edn34\">[xxxiv]<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c 123<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref35\" id=\"_edn35\">[xxxv]<\/a> &nbsp;&nbsp;<a>\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064f\u062f\u0652\u063a\u0650\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a (<\/a>FLSH) \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633-\u0623\u0643\u062f\u0627\u0644. \u0637.1. (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c 2011)\u060c 105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref36\" id=\"_edn36\">[xxxvi]<\/a> &nbsp;\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0645\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062c1 \u0635290.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref37\" id=\"_edn37\">[xxxvii]<\/a> &nbsp;&nbsp;\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: <a>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c 2008\u0645. <\/a>\u063523.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref38\" id=\"_edn38\">[xxxviii]<\/a> &nbsp;&nbsp;\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: <a>\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a 1410\u0647\u0640\/1990\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 7<\/a>\u060c \u063575.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref39\" id=\"_edn39\">[xxxix]<\/a> &nbsp;\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u060c 74.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref40\" id=\"_edn40\">[xl]<\/a> &nbsp;\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: <a>\u0628\u062e\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0639\u0637\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0646. \u201d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644: \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647.\u201c \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c 29\/2-3\/\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1988\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 14. <\/a>\u0635156.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref41\" id=\"_edn41\">[xli]<\/a> &nbsp;&nbsp;\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0641<a>\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649. \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u06371. \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2005\u0645\u060c <\/a>\u0635 180.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref42\" id=\"_edn42\">[xlii]<\/a> &nbsp;\u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631&nbsp;: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642. \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u06372\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0648\u060c 2008\u0645)\u060c 21-117.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0628&#8211; \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647. \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f 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