{"id":1611,"date":"2025-06-30T16:21:55","date_gmt":"2025-06-30T16:21:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/allugah.com\/?p=1611"},"modified":"2025-06-30T16:21:57","modified_gmt":"2025-06-30T16:21:57","slug":"%d8%aa%d9%84%d9%82%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%81%d9%87%d9%88%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%82-%d8%b9%d9%86%d8%af-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%87%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/allugah.com\/?p=1611","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642&#8221; \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-ast-global-color-5-color has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-f59671ffec20fac5ae7fa8d6012e9c55\"><strong>\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0646\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642&#8221; 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><strong>The reception of the concept of &#8220;<a>Relevance<\/a>&#8221; by Abdul Qahir al-Jurjani In modern linguistic and rhetorical thought<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">Dr. Abderrahmane Iguider<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><strong>Abstract:<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">In this study, we aim to reveal the ideas and meanings contained in Abdul Qaher Al-Jurjani&#8217;s texts, which indicate the evocation of the text as a structure for analysis that goes beyond the limits of vocabulary and sentences, and highlights the importance of the overall context in which these sentences are multiple and interconnected according to laws, by focusing on the concept of &#8220;<a>relevance<\/a>&#8220;, which is the axis of the theory of <a>Alnadm<\/a>. This concept has attracted the attention of a number of modern researchers, most notably; Tamam Hassan, Muhammad Hamasa Abdul Latif, Mustafa Hamida, Ahmed Al-Alawi, and others, as their opinions indicate research into the nature of &#8220;<a>relevance<\/a>&#8221; according to Al-Jurjani.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">Accordingly, the focus in this regard will be on trying to answer the following two questions: What is the concept of \u201c<a>relevance<\/a>\u201d according to Abdul Qaher Al-Jurjani? And how did modern Arab researchers receive this concept?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\"><strong>Keywords<\/strong>: relevance \u2013 Alnadm \u2013 meaning \u2013 reception \u2013 linguistic and rhetorical thought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 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id=\"_ednref14\"><strong><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/strong><\/a>)<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642&#8221;\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 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\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 (\u062d\u062f\u062b + \u0632\u0645\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0648\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631&#8221;<strong><sup>(<a href=\"#_edn19\" id=\"_ednref19\"><strong><sup>[19]<\/sup><\/strong><\/a>)<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644: &#8220;\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u00ab\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u00bb \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062a\u064f\u0651\u0628\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633&#8221;<strong><sup>(<a href=\"#_edn20\" id=\"_ednref20\"><strong><sup>[20]<\/sup><\/strong><\/a>)<\/sup><\/strong>. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642<\/strong>:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0643\u0648\u0650\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648&#8221;\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0641 &#8230; \u0625\u0644\u062e. \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d&#8221;<strong><sup>(<a href=\"#_edn21\" id=\"_ednref21\"><strong><sup>[21]<\/sup><\/strong><\/a>)<\/sup><\/strong>. \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629: \u00ab<strong>\u062c\u0627\u0621\u064e \u0632\u064a\u062f\u064c \u0645\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0650\u0647\u0650<\/strong>\u00bb<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"783\" src=\"https:\/\/allugah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1613\" srcset=\"https:\/\/allugah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image.jpeg 900w, https:\/\/allugah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-300x261.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/allugah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-768x668.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062e\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629: \u00ab<em>\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u00bb. <\/em>\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0639 <strong>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/strong> \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a: \u00ab\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u00bb \u2013 \u00ab\u0645\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u00bb \u2013 \u00ab\u0645\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u00bb \u2013 \u00ab\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u00bb &#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0643\u0632 <strong>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642&#8221; \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0631\u0649 <strong>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645<\/strong> \u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642&#8221; \u0647\u0648:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a>\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0628.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<strong><sup>(<a href=\"#_edn22\" id=\"_ednref22\"><strong><sup>[22]<\/sup><\/strong><\/a>)<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0641\u0649 <strong>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/strong> \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0647 <strong>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/strong> \u0641\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0641 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642&#8221; \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 &#8220;\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631: \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0647 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642&#8221;<strong><sup>(<a href=\"#_edn23\" id=\"_ednref23\"><strong><sup>[23]<\/sup><\/strong><\/a>)<\/sup><\/strong>. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 <strong>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641<\/strong> \u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642&#8221; \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 <a>\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627<\/a>. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: &#8220;\u0623\u0645\u0627 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a&#8221;<strong><sup>(<a href=\"#_edn24\" id=\"_ednref24\"><strong><sup>[24]<\/sup><\/strong><\/a>)<\/sup><\/strong>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642&#8221;<strong><sup>(<a href=\"#_edn31\" id=\"_ednref31\"><strong><sup>[31]<\/sup><\/strong><\/a>)<\/sup><\/strong>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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<\/a>\u0642\u0631\u0623\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0637 3\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0629\u060c 1992\u060c \u0635 417.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref2\" id=\"_edn2\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[2]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2009\u060c \u0635 276.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref3\" id=\"_edn3\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[3]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0635\u0635 49 &#8211; 50.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref4\" id=\"_edn4\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[4]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 54.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref5\" id=\"_edn5\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[5]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1997\u060c \u0635 60.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref6\" id=\"_edn6\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[6]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644)\u060c \u0635 4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref7\" id=\"_edn7\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[7]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 55.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref8\" id=\"_edn8\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[8]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0635\u0635 64 &#8211; 65.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref9\" id=\"_edn9\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[9]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0635 466.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref10\" id=\"_edn10\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[10]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 49.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref11\" id=\"_edn11\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[11]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 412.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref12\" id=\"_edn12\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[12]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 416.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref13\" id=\"_edn13\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[13]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0632\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0637 5\u060c \u0630\u062e\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c (\u062f.\u062a)\u060c \u0635 78. (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645 6 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref14\" id=\"_edn14\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[14]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0635 406.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref15\" id=\"_edn15\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[15]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 402.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref16\" id=\"_edn16\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[16]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 467.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref17\" id=\"_edn17\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[17]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u062f\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0637 2\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2007\u060c \u0635 43. (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref18\" id=\"_edn18\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[18]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0635\u0635 53 &#8211; 54.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref19\" id=\"_edn19\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[19]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u062c 2\u060c \u0637 1\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2006\u060c \u0635 335.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref20\" id=\"_edn20\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[20]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u063549.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref21\" id=\"_edn21\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[21]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u062c 2\u060c \u0635 336.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref22\" id=\"_edn22\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[22]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c 1994\u060c \u0635\u0635 181 \u2013 189.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref23\" id=\"_edn23\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[23]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0630\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0637 1\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2002\u060c \u0635 346.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref24\" id=\"_edn24\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[24]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629: \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0637 1\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2000\u060c \u0635 12.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref25\" id=\"_edn25\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[25]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 12.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref26\" id=\"_edn26\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[26]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0637 1\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2009\u060c \u0635 204.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref27\" id=\"_edn27\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[27]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0635 205.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref28\" id=\"_edn28\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[28]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0635 11.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref29\" id=\"_edn29\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[29]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c 1988\u060c \u0635 82.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref30\" id=\"_edn30\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[30]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c 2015\u060c \u0635 166.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref31\" id=\"_edn31\"><\/a><strong><sup>(<\/sup><\/strong><strong>[31]<\/strong><strong><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong> \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0644\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c 2002\u060c \u0635 143.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c 1988.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0632\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0637 1\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c 1994.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u062c 2\u060c \u0637 1\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2006.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0631\u062d \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0632\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0637 5\u060c \u0630\u062e\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c (\u062f.\u062a).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629: \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0637 2\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2007.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c 2015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0644\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c 2002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0623\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0637 3\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062c\u062f\u0629\u060c 1992.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629: \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0637 1\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2000.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0630\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0637 1\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 2002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06371\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c 1997.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Referenc<\/strong><strong>es:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ahmad Al-Alawi<\/strong>, <em>Al-Tabi\u2018ah wa al-Timthal: Masa\u2019il \u2018an al-Islam wa al-Ma\u2018rifah<\/em>, d.t., Al-Sharika al-Maghribiyyah li al-Nashirin al-Muttahid\u012bn, Rabat, 1988.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Al-Badrawi Zahran<\/strong>, <em>\u2018\u0100lim al-Lughah \u2018Abd al-Q\u0101hir al-Jurj\u0101n\u012b al-Muftan f\u012b al-\u2018Arabiyyah wa Nahwiha<\/em>, \u1e6c.1, D\u0101r al-\u2018\u0100lam al-\u2018Arab\u012b, Cairo, 2009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tamm\u0101m \u1e24ass\u0101n<\/strong>, <em>Al-U\u1e63\u016bl: Dir\u0101sah Ibst\u012bm\u016bl\u016bjiyyah li al-Fikr al-Lughaw\u012b \u2018inda al-\u2018Arab<\/em>, d.t., \u2018\u0100lam al-Kutub, Cairo, 2009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tamm\u0101m \u1e24ass\u0101n<\/strong>, <em>Al-Lughah al-\u2018Arabiyyah: Ma\u2018n\u0101h\u0101 wa Mabn\u0101h\u0101<\/em>, d.t., D\u0101r al-Thaq\u0101fah, al-D\u0101r al-Bay\u1e0d\u0101\u2019, 1994.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tamm\u0101m \u1e24ass\u0101n<\/strong>, <em>Maq\u0101l\u0101t f\u012b al-Lughah wa al-Adab<\/em>, J.2, \u1e6c.1, \u2018\u0100lam al-Kutub, Cairo, 2006.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Al-Kha\u1e6d\u012bb al-Tabr\u012bz\u012b<\/strong>, <em>Shar\u1e25 D\u012bw\u0101n Ab\u012b Tamm\u0101m<\/em>, ta\u1e25q\u012bq: Mu\u1e25ammad \u2018Abduh \u2018Azz\u0101m, \u1e6c.5, Dhakh\u0101\u2019ir al-\u2018Arab, D\u0101r al-Ma\u2018\u0101rif, Cairo, Mi\u1e63r, (d.t.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>De Beaugrande<\/strong>, <em>Al-Na\u1e63\u1e63 wa al-Khi\u1e6d\u0101b wa al-Ijr\u0101\u2019<\/em>, tarjamah: Tamm\u0101m \u1e24ass\u0101n, \u1e6c.2, \u2018\u0100lam al-Kutub, Cairo, 2007.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rash\u012bd Barq\u0101n<\/strong>, <em>\u0100liyy\u0101t Tar\u0101bu\u1e6d al-Na\u1e63\u1e63 al-Qur\u2019\u0101n\u012b<\/em>, d.t., Ifr\u012bqiy\u0101 al-Sharq, al-D\u0101r al-Bay\u1e0d\u0101\u2019, 2015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u1e62\u0101li\u1e25 Bula\u2018\u012bd<\/strong>, <em>Na\u1e93ariyyat al-Na\u1e93m<\/em>, d.t., D\u0101r S\u016bm\u0101k, al-Jaz\u0101\u2019ir, 2002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u2018Abd al-Q\u0101hir al-Jurj\u0101n\u012b<\/strong>, <em>Dal\u0101\u2019il al-I\u2018j\u0101z<\/em>, qara\u2019ahu wa \u2018allaqa \u2018alayhi: Ma\u1e25m\u016bd Mu\u1e25ammad Sh\u0101kir, \u1e6c.3, Ma\u1e6dba\u2018at al-Madan\u012b, Jeddah, 1992.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mu\u1e25ammad \u1e24am\u0101sah \u2018Abd al-La\u1e6d\u012bf<\/strong>, <em>Al-Na\u1e25w wa al-Dal\u0101lah: Madkhal li Dir\u0101sat al-Ma\u2018n\u0101 al-Na\u1e25w\u012b \u2013 al-Dal\u0101l\u012b<\/em>, \u1e6c.1, D\u0101r al-Shur\u016bq, Cairo, 2000.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mu\u1e63\u1e6daf\u0101 al-Na\u1e25\u1e25\u0101s<\/strong>, <em>Al-Ta\u2018l\u012bq al-Na\u1e25w\u012b wa al-Fikr al-Tawl\u012bd\u012b al-Ta\u1e25w\u012bl\u012b<\/em>, \u1e0dimn kit\u0101b: <em>Tamm\u0101m \u1e24ass\u0101n R\u0101\u2019idan Lughawiyyan: Bu\u1e25\u016bth wa Dir\u0101s\u0101t Muhd\u0101t min Til\u0101midhatihi wa A\u1e63diq\u0101\u2019ihi<\/em>, i\u2018d\u0101d wa ishraf: \u2018Abd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n \u1e24asan al-\u2018\u0100rif, \u1e6c.1, \u2018\u0100lam al-Kutub, Cairo, 2002.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mu\u1e63\u1e6daf\u0101 \u1e24am\u012bdah<\/strong>, <em>Na\u1e93ariyyat al-Rab\u1e6d wa al-Irtib\u0101\u1e6d f\u012b Tark\u012bb al-Jumlah al-\u2018Arabiyyah<\/em>, \u1e6c.1, Al-Sharikah al-Mi\u1e63riyyah al-\u2018\u0100lamiyyah li al-Nashr, Cairo, 1997.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"67\" src=\"https:\/\/allugah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-1024x67.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1612\" srcset=\"https:\/\/allugah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-1024x67.png 1024w, https:\/\/allugah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-300x20.png 300w, https:\/\/allugah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-768x51.png 768w, https:\/\/allugah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-1536x101.png 1536w, https:\/\/allugah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/image-2048x135.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0646 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