{"id":1629,"date":"2025-06-30T16:34:54","date_gmt":"2025-06-30T16:34:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/allugah.com\/?p=1629"},"modified":"2025-06-30T16:34:56","modified_gmt":"2025-06-30T16:34:56","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%86%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/allugah.com\/?p=1629","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The cinematic quotes of the novel<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dr. Khaoula Ez-Zalzouli & Dr. Eassa Abrahem<\/a>   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abstract:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The article aims to shed light on the transition of the sign from the narrative sphere to the world of cinema by examining the phenomenon of borrowing from literary and fictional sources to cinema, a phenomenon that is fraught with risks during the stage of transfer and displacement. and defining this risky phenomenon during the stage of transfer and displacement.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact, the cinema or the giant screen has greatly accepted the literary arts in general and the novel in particular, as there is an artistic juxtaposition between them, such as plot, characters, space and time, theme and dialog, which makes many directors turn to the novel to turn it into cinematic films; The cinema has been able to adapt literary genres to become filmed films, but some of them have achieved great success and impressed spectators and even readers of the work, while others have failed miserably, because the adaptation process was not always successful, as there are texts that are impossible to transfer to cinema, such as Marcel Proust’s novel \u201cIn Search of Lost Time.\u201d The adaptation process is not always successful.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The phenomenon of adaptation, in its multiple and heterogeneous forms, also remains an interesting and striking phenomenon for screenwriters, i.e., cultural actors who work in the field of literary writing and in the film industry. The technique of literary writing is invested in the discourse and languages of cinema, as seen in the works of Robert Bresson<\/em> (1901-1999), Marguerite Duras (1914-1996), and others. Other works have shown the interrelationships between literature and cinema, which are permeated by many processes and mechanisms that can follow meanings as they move from one field to another, from one culture to another, and from one time to another.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is known that an adaptation is a reading, representation, and interpretation of a novel text. Just as every reading has a purpose, and every translation is a betrayal, so the adaptation, as a translation of the language of the novel into the language of cinema, is subject to the betrayal required by the nature and specificities of the language of cinema.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keywords: <\/strong>Novel, Cinema, Quotation, Story, Scenario, Dialog<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633:<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0632 (1861 \u2013 1939): “\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631” (1902) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0646 (1828 \u2013 1905): “\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631” (1865): \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637: “\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u2013 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644” (2006) \u0644\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0646\u062f: “\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629” (1986) \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u063a\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629  \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644\u061b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649  \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0630\u0641\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0648 “\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u060c “\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633” \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 “\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627” \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0648\u0633\u0637” \u0622\u062e\u0631… \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628) \u0625\u0644\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648) \u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629”[iii]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a (1906 \u2013 1977) \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a (1871 \u2013 1922): “\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639” (1913 \u2013 1927) \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: “\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0646” (1913) \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u2013 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629  \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a: \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0647. \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0632 \u0623\u0646 “\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627”([viii]<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0631\u063a\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0636\u064e\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0648 \u0646\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0627 (1904\u20131973) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: \u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f<\/strong> le facteur<\/em> <\/em>(1994).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649  \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0635\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u064a (1913) \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642<\/strong> (1989) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647: “\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c”[ix]<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a: “\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639”. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0647 (1922\u2013 2008) \u0648\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062a (1900 \u2013 1999)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 (1913 \u2013 2005) \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647: “\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631” (1960).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 (1901 \u2013 1999)  \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0643\u0631\u064a\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633 (1914 \u2013 1996).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/strong> \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u062a([x]<\/a>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a<\/strong>:  \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u062f\u064a ” \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a”[xi]<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648<\/strong>: \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u062f\u064a: “\u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629.”[xii]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong>: \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u062f\u064a: “\u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0641”.[xiii]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631<\/em><\/strong>:  \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u064f\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0628.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637:<\/strong> \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a  \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a  \u0639\u0645\u0644  \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0649  \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0637<\/strong>: \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629  \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635. \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0626 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627<\/strong>: \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645  \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644: “\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0627 \u0638\u0627\u0644\u0645”\u060c \u0648”\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0629”\u060c \u0648”\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629”\u060c \u0648”\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0644”\u060c \u0648”\u0625\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0630\u0629”\u060c  \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a 39 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 “\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646”\u060c \u0648”\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629” \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 “\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a”\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0628”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0637\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0635 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 -\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627- \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0639\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u062d \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627  \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0644\u064a (\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 (\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627)                                 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[i]<\/a>  \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 “\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f” \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a “\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f” \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c (Eski\u015fehir \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627: \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629)Osmangazi \u00dcniversitesi \u0130lahiyat Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi 11\/2 (Eyl\u00fcl 2024() \u0635 826<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ii]<\/a>  \u062e\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c (\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0643\u0627\u0648\u0641\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0634 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c 2021)\u060c \u0635\u0635 15-16<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[iii]<\/a>  \u0633\u062f \u0641\u0644\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c 2016) \u062f.\u0637\u060c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[iv]<\/a>  \u062e\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 profpress\u060c 2019)\u060c \u060c \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631\u060c  29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\nhttps:\/\/www.profpress.net\/2019\/12\/blog-post_65.html.\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

[v]<\/a>  \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c (\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627: \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c 2005)\u060c \u060c \u06371\u060c \u063514.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[vi]<\/a> Jean Mitry, Esth\u00e9tique et psychologie du cin\u00e9ma<\/em>, vol. 1, p. 138.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[vii]<\/a>  \u062d\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0635 24.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>([viii])<\/sup>-Christian Metz, Essais sur la signification du cin\u00e9ma<\/em>, vol. 1, p:102.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ix]<\/a> \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u062a<\/em>\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u060c <\/strong>\u062a\u0631\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0635\u0645<\/em> \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a <\/em>\u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u062f\u064a<\/em>\u060c(\u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629\u060c 1997)\u060c \u06372.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/a>(<\/sup>[x])<\/sup>– \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u062a<\/em>\u060c \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xi]<\/a>  \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0627\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c (\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u060c 2018)\u060c \u06371 \u060c \u0635 24.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xii]<\/a>  \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0627\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0635  24.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xiii]<\/a> \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u060c \u0625\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0627\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0635  24.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xiv]<\/a> Jean Mitry, Esth\u00e9tique et psychologie du cin\u00e9ma<\/em>, vol. 1, p. 127.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xv]<\/a> Jean Mitry, Esth\u00e9tique et psychologie du cin\u00e9ma,<\/em> p. 125.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xvi]<\/a> Christian Metz, Essais sur la signification du cin\u00e9ma<\/em>, vol. 1, p. 208.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xvii]<\/a> Jean Mitry, La s\u00e9miologie en question<\/em>, p. 117.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xviii]<\/a> Jean Mitry, Esth\u00e9tique et psychologie<\/em> \u2026, vol. 1, p. 138.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xix]<\/a>\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c (\u0645\u0635\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f. \u062f. \u0646\u060c 2022) \u060c  \u06371\u0635 10. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xx]<\/a>  \u062e\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 -\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646-\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628: \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0634\u060c \u062f.\u0637\u060c 2015)\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0635 5. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong>.<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n